Integer and Float Functions (Web Database Applications with PHP & MySQL)

2.9.1. Absolute Value

The absolute value of an integer or a float can be found with the abs( ) function:

integer abs(integer number)
float abs(float number)

The following examples show the result of abs( ) on floats and integers:

echo abs(-1);       // prints 1
echo abs(1);        // prints 1
echo abs(-145.89);  // prints 145.89
echo abs(145.89);   // prints 145.89

2.9.2. Ceiling and Floor

The ceil( ) and floor( ) functions can return the integer value above and below a fractional value, respectively:

float ceil(float value)
float floor(float value)

The return type is a float because an integer may not be able to represent the result when a large value is passed as an argument. Consider the following examples:

echo ceil(27.3);   // prints 28
echo floor(27.3);  // prints 27

2.9.3. Rounding

The round( ) function uses 4/5 rounding rules to round up or down a value to a given precision:

float round(float value [, integer precision])

Rounding by default is to zero decimal places, but the precision can be specified with the optional precision argument. The 4/5 rounding rules determine if a number is rounded up or down based on the digits that are lost due to the rounding precision. For example, 10.4 rounds down to 10, and 10.5 rounds up to 11. The following examples show rounding at various precisions:

echo round(10.4);           // prints 10
echo round(10.5);           // prints 11
echo round(2.40964, 3);     // prints 2.410
echo round(567234.56, -3);  // prints 567000
echo round(567234.56, -4);  // prints 570000

2.9.4. Number Systems

PHP provides the following functions that convert numbers between integer decimal and the commonly used number systems, binary, octal, and hexadecimal:

string decbin(integer number)
integer bindec (string binarystring)
string dechex(integer number)
integer hexdec(string hexstring)
string decoct(integer number)
integer octdec(string octalstring)

The decimal numbers are always treated as integers, and the numbers in the other systems are treated as strings. When converting to decimal, care must be taken that the source number isn't greater than the maximum value an integer can hold. Here are some examples:

echo decbin(45);        // prints "101101"
echo bindec("1001011"); // prints 75
echo dechex(45);        // prints "2D"
echo hexdec("5a7b");    // prints 23163
echo decoct(45);        // prints "55"
echo octdec("777");     // prints 511

2.9.5. Basic Trigonometry Functions

PHP supports the basic set of trigonometry functions and are listed in Table 2-4.

Table 2-4. Trigonometry functions supported by PHP

Function	Description
float sin(float arg)	Sine of `arg` in radians
float cos(float arg)	Cosine of `arg` in radians
float tan(float arg)	Tangent of `arg` in radians
float asin(float arg)	Arc sine of `arg` in radians
float acos(float arg)	Arc cosine of `arg` in radians
float atan(float arg)	Arc tangent of `arg` in radians
float atan2(float y, float x)	Arc tangent of x/y where the sign of both arguments determines the quadrant of the result
float pi( )	Returns the value `3.1415926535898`
float deg2rad(float arg)	Converts `arg` degrees to radians
float rad2deg(float arg)	Converts `arg` radians to degrees

2.9.6. Powers and Logs

The PHP mathematical library includes the exponential and logarithmic functions listed in Table 2-5.

Table 2-5. Exponential and logarithmic functions

Function	Description
float exp(float arg)	`e` to the power of `arg`
float pow(float base, number exp)	Exponential expression `base` to the power of `exp`
float sqrt(float arg)	Square root of `arg`
float log(float arg)	Natural logarithm of `arg`
float log10(float arg)	Base-10 logarithm of `arg`

2.9.7. Random Number Generation

PHP provides the function rand( ), which returns values from a generated sequence of pseudo-random numbers. Well-known algorithms generate sequences that appear to have random behavior but aren't truly random. The srand( ) function seeds the algorithm and needs to be called before the first use of the rand( ) function in a script. Otherwise, the function returns the same numbers each time a script is called. The prototypes of the functions are:

void srand(integer seed)
integer rand( )
integer rand(integer min, integer max)

The srand( ) function is called by passing an integer seed that is usually generated from the current time. When called with no arguments, rand( ) returns a random number between 0 and the value returned by getrandmax( ). When rand( ) is called with two arguments—the min and max values—the returned number is a random number between min and max. Consider this example:

// Generate a seed.
$seed = (float) microtime( ) * 100000000;

// Seed the pseudo-random number generator
srand($seed);

// Generate some random numbers
print rand();      // between 0 and getmaxrand( )
print rand(1, 6);  // between 1 and 6 (inclusive)


2.8. Date and Time Functions		2.10. User-Defined Functions

2.9. Integer and Float Functions