Symbols & Numbers | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

Index: F

factorial functions: 29.11.4. Functions Calling Functions: Factorials

failure of commands, indication in exit status: 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes

false (exit status) utility: 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes

false values in Perl: 41.5.1. Scalars

fast find commands

database for: 9.20. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database

databases for: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases

matching shell wildcards: 9.19. Wildcards with "Fast find" Database

"fat comma" operator (=>): 41.5.3. Hashes

fc command

-e option, starting editor and loading file with recent history: 30.7. History by Number

-l option, listing previous commands: 30.7. History by Number

fg command: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell

23.2.2. Using Job Control from Your Shell

job numbers, supplying to: 23.3. Using jobs Effectively

fgrep command: 9.21. grepping a Directory Tree

13.1. Different Versions of grep

running on RCS files: 13.7.1. rcsgrep, rcsegrep, rcsfgrep

fgrep command (fixed grep), -f option: 13.5. grepping for a List of Patterns

fi statements: 35.13. Test Exit Status with the if Statement

fi unexpected error: 37.1.4. Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.

fields

in crontab entries: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling

cutting: 21.14. Cutting Columns or Fields

separating with : (colon): 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In

sort command: 22.2. Sort Fields: How sort Sorts

changing delimiter: 22.3. Changing the sort Field Delimiter

fignore shell variable: 28.7. Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion

file access mode (see permissions)

file descriptors: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts

closing: 24.19. Why You Can't Kill a Zombie

files currently pointing to, viewing: 24.9.3. Statistics of the Current Process

manipulation by exec command: 36.5. The exec Command

open files and: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

shell redirecation capabilities: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

standard error or stderr: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

standard input or stdin: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

standard output or stdout: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

redirecting: 36.16. n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error

file permissions (see permissions)

file protection mode, supplying for directories: 7.8. Making Directories Made Easier

file protocol (URI types): 40.6.1. Configuring the sources.list File

file utility: 12.6. Finding File Types

File::Find module (Perl): 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links

filehandles in Perl: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix

filenames: 7.6. Naming Files

changing with rename function (Perl): 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix

completion by shells: 28.1. What's Special About the Unix Command Line

28.6.1. General Example: Filename Completion

conventions: 1.11. Filenames

converting form uppercase to lowercase: 21.11. Hacking on Characters with tr

ending with ~: 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly

executable vs. source: 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias

extensions for: 1.12. Filename Extensions

finding with cat command: 1.4. Communication with Unix

links and: 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names

path name components, stripping with basename: 36.13.1. Introduction to basename and dirname

special characters, quoting in C shell: 27.14. Quoting Special Characters in Filenames

stripped from pathnames: 36.13.1. Introduction to basename and dirname

symbols in: 35.20.1. With the "$@" Parameter

whitespace in: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name

wildcards for: 33.1. File-Naming Wildcards

failing to match: 33.4. What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?

file's name and extension as separate entities: 33.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell

grep -l command, listing matching files: 33.6. Getting a List of Matching Files with grep -l

listing of: 33.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell

nom script, listing nonmatching files: 33.8. nom: List Files That Don't Match a Wildcard

pathnames, not using in: 33.5. Maybe You Shouldn't Use Wildcards in Pathnames

shell handling of: 33.3. Who Handles Wildcards?

vgrep script, listing nonmatching files: 33.7.2. The vgrep Script

files: 1.19. When Is a File Not a File?

appending to existing with vi editor: 17.12. Appending to an Existing File

backing up: 1.12. Filename Extensions

38.1. What Is This "Backup" Thing?

excluding from: 38.9. On-Demand Incremental Backups of a Project

vi editor, macro for: 18.14. File-Backup Macros

backup and auto-save, Emacs: 19.4. Backup and Auto-Save Files

binary, searching: 13.15. Finding Words Inside Binary Files

comparing

cmp program, using: 11.7. cmp and diff

diff commands, using: 11.1. Checking Differences with diff

make program, using: 11.10. make Isn't Just for Programmers!

compressing: 15.6. Compressing Files to Save Space

copying from subdirectories to single directory: 36.18. Shell Scripts On-the-Fly from Standard Input

counting number in a directory: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc

creating, using wildcards: 28.3. Use Wildcards to Create Files?

deleted, archiving on tape: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files

directory contents, explanation of: 10.2. What's Really in a Directory?

Emacs editor, viewing and manipulating in: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List

empty: 43.12. What Can You Do with an Empty File?

emptying: 15.2. Instead of Removing a File, Empty It

finding: 8.1. Everything but the find Command

access times: 8.2. The Three Unix File Times

by age and size: 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size

change and modification times: 8.2. The Three Unix File Times

counting by types: 8.13. Counting Files by Types

GNU ls command, features of: 8.7. Some GNU ls Features

8.8. A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files

listing subdirectories with ls -R: 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R

newest file, printing name of: 8.15. newer: Print the Name of the Newest File

nonprintable characters in filenames, showing: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames

oldest or newest with ls -t or ls -u: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u

showing hidden files with ls -a or ls -A: 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a

spaces in filenames: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name

symbolic links, unconnected: 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links

type of file in each directory, listing with ls -F: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases

unique filenames, picking automatically: 8.17. Picking a Unique Filename Automatically

finding with find command (see find command)

hosts.equiv: 6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh

6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh

inodes: 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes

linking: 10.3. Files with Two or More Names

creating and removing links: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links

directories, linking: 10.7. Linking Directories

directory, links to: 10.4.2. Links to a Directory

filenames for symbolic links: 10.8. Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links

links, types of: 10.4. More About Links

reasons for: 10.3. Files with Two or More Names

stale symbolic links: 10.6. Stale Symbolic Links

lockfiles: 36.27. Shell Lockfile

modification by attackers, checking for: 48.7. Intruder Detection

names for (see filenames)

newly created, setting default mode in unmask: 49.4. Setting an Exact umask

old and new version, saving with vi editor: 17.10. Keep Your Original File, Write to a New File

open, and file descriptors: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

overwriting accidentally: 27.4. Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files

ownership of (see ownership, file)

packing up and moving (see archives)

permissions for (see permissions)

printing: 28.4. Build Strings with { }

(see also printing)

shortcut for: 28.4. Build Strings with { }

Python, opening, closing and reading: 42.3.5. I/O and Formatting

reading to/writing from: 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output

43.1. Using Standard Input and Output

43.3. Send (Only) Standard Error Down a Pipe

recovering with vi -r command: 17.19. vi File Recovery Versus Networked Filesystems

recovered buffers, cautions about: 17.20. Be Careful with vi -r Recovered Buffers

remote, copying to local system: 28.4. Build Strings with { }

removing (see deleting removing files rm command)

renaming

copying or comparing set of: 10.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files

interactively: 10.10. Renaming a List of Files Interactively

saving part of with vi editor: 17.11. Saving Part of a File

searching

by column, using awk: 13.13. Finding a Character in a Column

with grep commands: 13.1. Different Versions of grep

look program: 13.14. Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"

rcsgrep script: 13.7. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep

security (see security)

showing contents of: 12.1. Cracking the Nut

cat -v or od -c, showing nonprinting characters: 12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c

cat command: 12.2. What Good Is a cat?

displaying end with tail command: 12.8. How to Look at the End of a File: tail

file types, finding: 12.6. Finding File Types

head, displaying beginning with: 12.12. Printing the Top of a File

less and more pagers: 12.3. "less" is More

numbering lines: 12.13. Numbering Lines

squashing extra blank lines with cat -s: 12.7. Squash Extra Blank Lines

size of

batch editing and: 20.8. Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Fail on Big Files

limiting: 15.5. Limiting File Sizes

splitting by context (csplit): 21.10. Splitting Files by Context: csplit

switching among with vi editor: 17.3. Editing Multiple Files with vi

temporary: 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly

handling text with: 28.15. Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files

testing: 35.26. test: Testing Files and Strings

uncompressing: 35.17. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts

filesystem check (fsck) program: 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS): 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories

web site information on: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories

filesystems: 44.5. Filesystem Types and /etc/fstab

navigating Unix filesystem: 31.1. Getting Around the Filesystem

cd, speeding up with aliases: 31.9. Quick cds with Aliases

changing directories: 31.5. Saving Time When You Change Directories: cdpath

changing directories with c (shell function): 31.10. cd by Directory Initials

current directory: 31.3. What Good Is a Current Directory?

current directory, finding: 31.4. How Does Unix Find Your Current Directory?

directories, automatic setup when entering/exiting: 31.13. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory

home directory, finding (for anyone): 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly

loop control, break and continue: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue

marking your place with shell variable: 31.12. Marking Your Place with a Shell Variable

relative and absolute pathnames: 31.2. Using Relative and Absolute Pathnames

shell pushd and popd commands: 31.7. The Shells' pushd and popd Commands

NFS and SMBFS, mounting: 44.9. Mounting Network Filesystems — NFS, SMBFS

Perl functions for: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix

/proc: 24.9. The /proc Filesystem

removable, mounting/unmounting: 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems

synchronizing with rsync program: 20.6. Change Many Files by Editing Just One

for USBs: 44.12. USB Configuration

filtering text through Unix commands

fmt command: 18.5. Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi

greps: 13.10. Compound Searches

filters: 1.5. Programs Are Designed to Work Together

36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

apsfilter: 45.17. Converting Source Files Automagically Within the Spooler

for graphics: 45.19. The Portable Bitmap Package

grep command as: 13.2. Searching for Text with grep

lpd daemon, running files through: 45.9.2. Printing to Windows Printers from Unix

find command: 9.1. How to Use find

$( ) operator, used with: 36.24. Nested Command Substitution

-atime operator, locating files based on last access time: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files

-exec operator

creating custom tests: 9.10. Using -exec to Create Custom Tests

large recursive greps, using for: 9.11. Custom -exec Tests Applied

-exec option: 50.6. The Handy chmod = Operator

-inum operator: 14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number

-mtime operator: 9.5. Searching for Old Files

-name operator: 9.4. Looking for Files with Particular Names

-newer option, using in incremental file backups: 38.9. On-Demand Incremental Backups of a Project

-nouser or -nogroup operators: 9.16. Searching by Owner and Group

-ok option: 14.5. Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes

-perm operator: 9.15. Searching for Files by Permission

-prune operator: 9.25. Finding Files with -prune

14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number

quick find in current directory: 9.26. Quick finds in the Current Directory

-size operator: 9.14. Searching for Files by Size

-type operator: 9.13. Searching for Files by Type

-user and -group operators: 9.16. Searching by Owner and Group

clearing out unneeded files with: 14.19. Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files

cpio operator

archiving deleted files on tape: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files

directory tree, delving through: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree

duplicating a directory tree: 9.17. Duplicating a Directory Tree

fast find commands: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree

database for: 9.20. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database

matching shell wildcards: 9.19. Wildcards with "Fast find" Database

fast find databases, using: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases

features and basic operators: 9.1. How to Use find

filename-matching patterns: 32.2. Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards

files for compression: 15.9. Compressing a Directory Tree: Fine-Tuning

files you own with wrong permissions: 50.2.1. User, Group, and World

finding many things with one command: 9.12. Finding Many Things with One Command

grepping a directory tree: 9.21. grepping a Directory Tree

hard links to a file, finding: 9.24. Finding the (Hard) Links to a File

lookfor script, using in: 9.22. lookfor: Which File Has That Word?

loops using: 36.13.2. Use with Loops

maxdepth operator: 14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number

modified files, checking for: 48.7. Intruder Detection

networked filesystem, preventing from searching: 9.28. Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem

old files, searching for: 9.5. Searching for Old Files

operators: 13.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match

regex and iregex options: 32.2. Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards

running commands on results: 9.9. Running Commands on What You Find

search operators: 9.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators

skipping parts of directory tree: 9.27. Skipping Parts of a Tree in find

time operators (-mtime, -atime, and -ctime): 9.7. The Times That find Finds

exact file-time comparisons: 9.8. Exact File-Time Comparisons

unconnected symbolic links, finding: 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links

xargs command, using with: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree

-exec option

changing permissions for directory tree: 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission

finding

current directory: 31.4. How Does Unix Find Your Current Directory?

file types: 12.6. Finding File Types

home directory (for anyone): 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly

findpt alias: 13.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match

firewalls: 46.12. Firewalls

gateways functioning as: 46.11. Gateways and NAT

fixed dynamic addresses: 46.10. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

fixed grep (see fgrep command)

fixed length records, converting to/from variable-length records: 21.13. Text Conversion with dd

flags, displaying current: 3.4.2. Interactive Shells

flavors of Unix: 1.3. The Core of Unix

floating-point numbers

Perl data type: 41.5. Perl Boot Camp, Part 2: Variables and Data Types

sort command and: 22.5. Alphabetic and Numeric Sorting

floppies: 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems

backing up to: 38.5.3. Backing Up to Floppies or Zip Disks

loopback mounts: 44.7. Loopback Mounts

flow-control operators for loops (in Perl): 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping

fmt command: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt

-p option, reformatting program source code: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt

21.4. Clean Up Program Comment Blocks

21.4.2. fmt -p

-tuw options: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt

disk initializer command: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt

ending punctuation for sentences and: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt

filtering text from vi editor through: 18.5. Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi

filtering vi text through: 17.28. Neatening Lines

reformatting fortune with: 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window

fmtarg variable (xmessage utility): 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window

fmt.sh script: 21.3. Alternatives to fmt

fold utility: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt

font resource (xterm): 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font

5.18. Changing Fonts Dynamically

fonts

default: 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font

selecting: 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font

xterm, changing dynamically: 5.18. Changing Fonts Dynamically

VT Fonts menu: 5.18.1. VT Fonts Menu

xterm, VT Fonts menu: 5.17. The xterm Menus

5.17. The xterm Menus

for command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands

for loops: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell

20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands

28.12. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts

41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping

break and continue commands in: 35.23. Loop Control: break and continue

break and continue, controlling with: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue

command-line arguments, handling with: 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop

35.22. Handling Arguments with while and shift

commands, varying while repeating: 28.8. Repeating Commands

28.9.2. A for Loop

here documents, using to print form letters: 28.13. Here Document Example #1: Unformatted Form Letters

in command-line arguments: 35.20.2. With a Loop

with multiple variables: 36.12. Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables

sed scripts, use in: 34.4. Testing and Using a sed Script: checksed, runsed

standard input, stepping through: 36.11. Standard Input to a for Loop

wildcards, using with: 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop

forcing file removal/moving without warnings: 50.7. Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable

foreach loop: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop

foreach loops: 28.12. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts

commands, varying while repeating: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop

iterating through arrays: 41.5.2. Arrays

iterating through list elements: 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping

foreground color: 8.6.2. Configuring It

foreground jobs

interrupting with notification of state change in background job: 23.9. Stop Background Output with stty tostop

killing: 24.11. Killing Foreground Jobs

nice command and: 26.6. A nice Gotcha

foreground processes: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell

process group and: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts

fork system call: 24.2. fork and exec

27.2. How the Shell Executes Other Commands

processes forking out of control: 24.17. Processes Out of Control? Just STOP Them

format, tape drives: 38.5.2. Backing Up to Tape

formatted manpage files: 2.4. Searching Online Manual Pages

formatting, markup languages for: 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On

formatting Python output: 42.3.5. I/O and Formatting

Fortran program source file extension: 1.12. Filename Extensions

fpath array (zsh): 29.13.2. FPATH Search Path

FPATH environment variable: 29.13.2. FPATH Search Path

29.13.2. FPATH Search Path

Korn shell: 29.13.2.1. Korn shell

zsh shell: 29.13.2.2. zsh

29.13.2.2. zsh

free disk space, checking with df: 26.1. Timing Is Everything

free memory, information about: 24.9.1. Memory Information

Free Software Foundation website: 39.4. Managing and Sharing Files with RCS and CVS

FreeBSD: 1.3. The Core of Unix

sections, searching in manpages: 2.1. The man Command

FreeBSD Unix

disk partitions: 44.4. Disk Partitioning

enabling gatewaying: 46.11. Gateways and NAT

ifconfig file output: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting

inetd.conf file: 46.5. The Director of Operations: inetd

info command: 2.9. The info Command

installing software with FreeBSD packages: 40.10. Installing with FreeBSD Packages

kernel boot output for devices: 44.2. Reading Kernel Boot Output

OpenSSH: 51.3. Free SSH with OpenSSH

serial consoles: 44.14. Decapitating Your Machine — Serial Consoles

single user mode: 49.3. Forgetting the root Password

software installation with FreeBSD Ports: 40.9. Installation with FreeBSD Ports

software installation with Ports system: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories

strings utility, searching for words in binary files: 13.15. Finding Words Inside Binary Files

swapinfo utility: 48.6.2. Checking Swap Space

fsck (filesystem check) program: 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons

-fstype operator (find command): 9.28. Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem

FTP

anonymous ftp: 27.16. Here Documents

anonymous FTP server, configuring: 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server

Emacs facility for: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List

ftp program: 1.21. Unix Networking and Communications

ftp protocol (URI types): 40.6.1. Configuring the sources.list File

securing with port forwarding: 51.7. Server and Client Problems

function keys, mapping in vi: 18.2.1. Command Mode Maps

functional programming languages, functions in: 42.3.2. Functions

functions

@-functions, vi editor: 18.4. vi @-Functions

combining: 18.4.2. Combining @-Functions

defining and using simple: 18.4.1. Defining and Using Simple @-Functions

newlines in: 18.4.4. Newlines in an @-Function

reusing definition: 18.4.3. Reusing a Definition

buffer overflow, causing: 48.4. What We Mean by Buffer Overflow

built-in editor functions, tcsh: 30.14.3. tcsh Editing

C language, boundary checking: 48.4. What We Mean by Buffer Overflow

Perl

exit( ): 41.4. Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy

filesystem: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix

hash functions: 41.5.3. Hashes

print: 41.5.1. Scalars

Python: 42.3.2. Functions

anonymous, creating: 42.3.2. Functions

class methods: 42.3.3. Everything's an Object

defining: 42.3.2. Functions

shell: 1.9. Internal and External Commands

27.9. Which One Will bash Use?

29.11. Shell Function Basics

(see also shell functions)

tar utility: 39.2. Using tar to Create and Unpack Archives

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